Paragraph 1：After the Mycenaean Greek civilization collapsed around 1100 B.C.E., Greece endured a three-century-long Dark Age about which relatively little is known. But the year 776 B.C.E., which the winners of the Olympic games were first recorded, marks the beginning of a new period of Greek history, the Archaic Age (lasting to 500 B.C.E.), which brought a revival of culture, the economy, and political significance to Greece. During the relatively peaceful Dark Ages, populations had gradually increased to a point where Greece’s rocky and hilly soil could not produce enough basic agriculture products. One solution was to import additional foodstuffs. As a consequence, Greek commerce and production of trade goods expanded. In exchange for grain imported from Egypt and lands around the Black Sea, the Greeks traded olive oil, fine pottery, and silver. This explosion of commerce brought the Greeks into direct conflict with the existing Mediterranean trading power, the Phoenicians. The warlike Greeks constructed fleets of maneuverable iron-beaked fifty-oared ships called galleys, for which the unwieldy Phoenician two-decked warships were no match. The Greeks soon wrested control of important Mediterranean trade routes from the Phoenicians.
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