Programming Computers to Play Games
Backgammon is the oldest board game in the world. It was first played in ancient Mesopotamia, starting around 3000 B.c. The rules of backgammon were codified in the seventeenth century, and the game has changed little since. The same can’t be said about the players of the game. One of the best backgammon players in the world is now a software program. In the early 1990s. Gerald Tesauro, a computer programmer at IBM, began developing a new kind of artificial intelligence (Al). At the time, most Al programs relied on the brute computational power of microchips. This was the approach used by Deep Blue, the powerful set of IBM mainframes that managed to defeat chess grand master Garry Kasparoy in 1997. Deep Blue was capable of analyzing more than two hundred million possible chess moves per second, allowing it to consistently select the optimal chess strategy. (Kasparov’s brain, on the other I hand. evaluated only about five moves per second.) But all this strategic firepower consumed a lot of energy: while playing chess. Deep Blue was a ire hazard and required specialized heat-dissipating equipment so that it didn’t burst into flames. Kasparov, meanwhile, barely broke a sweat. That’s because the human brain is a model of efficiency: even when it’s deep in thought, the cortex consumes less energy than a lightbulb.
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