The Roots of Economic Transformation in England
England was the first nation in Europe to develop a social structure that strongly supported the innovation and economic growth we associate with modern times. England’s advantages were many, some of them deeply rooted in geography and history. This comparatively small realm contained an excellent balance of resources. The plain to the south and east, where traditional centers of English settlement concentrated, was fertile and productive. The uplands to the north and west possessed rich deposits of coal and Ron, and their streams had powered flour mills for hundreds of years. Proximity to the sea was another natural advantage. No part of the island kingdom was distant from the coast. At a time when water transport offered the sole economical means for moving bulky commodities, the sea brought coal close to iron, raw materials close to factories, and products close to markets. Above all, the sea gave Britain’s merchants access to the much wider world beyond their shores.
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